Superkey

Definition - What does Superkey mean?

A superkey is a combination of columns that uniquely identifies any row within a relational database management system (RDBMS) table. A candidate key is a closely related concept where the superkey is reduced to the minimum number of columns required to uniquely identify each row.

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Techopedia explains Superkey

As an example, a table used to store customer master details could contain columns such as:

Customer name
Customer ID
Social Security number (SSN)
Address
Date of birth

A certain set of columns may be extracted and guaranteed unique to each customer. Examples of superkeys are as follows:

Name+SSN+Birthdate
ID+Name+SSN

However, this process may be further reduced. It can be assumed that the customer ID is unique to each customer. Therefore, the superkey may be reduced to just one field, customer ID, which is the candidate key. However, to ensure absolute uniqueness, a composite candidate key may be formed by combining customer ID with SSN.