Template

C++ provides the following two types of templates used to implement general constructs, such as lists, queues, vectors and stacks:

• Class template: Resembles a regular class definition but is prefixed by the following: template <class typename="" identifier="">, followed by the class body declaration, including member data and functions. Class template member function declarations and definitions are in the same header file. C++ class templates are best suited to container classes.
• Function template: Implemented through template parameters, which is a special parameter type used to pass a type as a function argument. Thus, functionality may be adapted to more than one type or class without repeating the entire code. The format to declare a function template with a type parameter is either template <class identifier> function_declaration or template <typename identifier> function_declaration. There is no difference between the class and typename keywords.

Templates generally require type-checking at compile-time.

Template-generated code may be overriden by providing special definitions for specific types, which is known as template specialization. A special version of a function for a given set of template arguments is known as explicit specialization. A class template specialized by a subset of its parameters is known as a partial template specialization. Full specialization occurs f every parameter is specialized.